HV inverter parts list

HV Inverter Parts List

None of the component values are critical. It is quite likely that everything needed is already patiently waiting in your junkbox. If not, except for the flyback, most if not all of the parts should be available from Radio Shack. See the section: "Low voltage power supply" for a simple design to use with this inverter.

Some experimenting with different value resistors and even the number of turns on each winding may improve performance for your particular flyback.

• Q1, Q2 - 2N3055 or similar NPN power transistors (reverse polarity of Vcc if using PNP transistors.) Maximum stress on transistors are about 2 to 3 times VCC. Heat sinks will be needed for continuous operation.
• R1 - 110 ohms, 2 W resistor (5 W for Vcc of 24 V). This provides base current to get circuit started.
• R2 - 27 ohms, 5W resistor. This provides return path for base feedback during operation.
• T1 - Flyback transformer from/for B/W TV, video display terminal, color TV, computer monitor, etc., modified according to text above.

Most modern flybacks include built-in HV rectifier diode(s) and/or voltage multiplier (tripler) so output without additional components will be high voltage positive or somewhat smoothed HV DC.

Note: this kind of flyback transformer drives the CRT directly and uses its glass envelope as the main high voltage filter capacitor. (A foot square piece of 1/8 inch Plexiglas with Aluminum foil plates makes an filter capacitor.)

• Wire - a couple of feet of #16-#20 hookup wire, magnet wire, or any other insulated wire for home made primaries. Use electrical tape to fix windings to core. Wind feedback winding on top of drive winding.

HV inverter assembly

HV Inverter Assembly

Read the following in its entirety! This assumes the basic circuit using a small flyback and input voltage of 12 VDC or less. Some modifications may be needed when using larger flybacks and higher input voltages.

1. Obtain flyback transformer with known good HV secondary winding. primary may be left intact if it is known to be in good condition - non shorted. A flyback removed due to failure may be used if it was the primary that failed and the primary turns can be removed without damaging the HV secondary or losing the secondary return connection! Flybacks fail in both ways (primary and secondary).
2. Locate the return for the high voltage winding. This may be a different color wire than the low voltage winding or may exit from the potted part of the flyback in a different place. It is not possible to use an ohmmeter to locate the return for the high voltage winding if your flyback has a built-in HV rectifier or multiplier as the forward voltage drop of the rectifier diodes is much greater than the battery voltage used in your multimeter. However, a winding connection that has infinite resistance to every other terminal is likely to be the HV return. On flybacks with no HV rectifier or multiplier, the return is easily located by measuring resistance between the HV output and all other terminals. The HV winding will have a resistance of 100s-1000s of ohms compared to single digit readings or less for all the other windings.
3. Wind 10 turn center tapped drive winding and 4 turn centertapped feedback winding using #16 to 20 gauge insulated wire. Make sure both halves of each coil are wound in same direction. Connect centertap in each case at the winding - do not bring out a loop. Insulate well with electrical tape.
4. Vcc should typically be in the range 12 to 24 volts at a couple of amps. Circuit should start oscillating at around a Vcc of 5 V or so. If you do not get any HV out, interchange the connections to the transistor bases. Heat sinks are advised for the transistors. Be aware of the capability of your flyback (B/W monitors up to 15 kV, color up to 30 kV). You risk destroying the secondary windings and/or HV rectifier if you get carried away. Running this on 24 volts will probably cause an internal arc-over in a small flyback, at which point you start over with more caution and a new flyback.
5. Actual output will depend on turns ratio of the flyback you have.

integrated circuits that can take the heat

Developing integrated circuit technology that can withstand high temperature environments for increased performance.

Picture an integrated circuit. What comes to mind may be a personal computer, home electronics or integrated circuits in your car or office. While steadily advancing over several decades, integrated circuits have been made smaller, more complex and with ever increasing functionality. However, material limitations have limited their operation to ~400 degrees F (200 deg. C), with limited exceptions.

High temperature systems such as turbines, aircraft engines, down-hole drilling systems and like applications where the temperature of operation may go to 200 deg C and beyond have little or no ability to leverage integrated circuit technology. This may limit instrumentation capability and potentially system performance.

Across industrial businesses, including GE’s, several applications present unique opportunities where integrated circuits working at extreme temperatures may extend sensor and instrumentation technology. The advances could lead to more accurate measurements, better signal conditioning or new functionality to significant system benefit.

A team from GE Global Research is actively developing such technology, with the goal of realizing integrated circuits that can work up to 300 deg C (~600 deg F) for down-hole exploration systems to be used in Enhanced Geothermal Systems. Through support of the Department of Energy, GE is working to develop novel integrated circuits based on silicon carbide (SiC) semiconductors combined with novel packaging technology that can meet those temperatures. Multi-year programs are facilitating the design, integration and development of integrated circuits that replicate current down-hole drilling system electronics capability while extending the range of operating temperature to 300 deg C.

These exciting programs have already demonstrated unique SiC-based integrated circuit functionality with core building blocks that can perform amplification, counting and basic logic, all cutting edge for these extreme temperatures. Continuing work looks to validate basic stability, optimize design and work towards field studies, where the integrated circuits will be tested.

Super-Efficient, Flex-Fuel Gas Turbines

Pushing the limits of efficiency, with the flexibility to handle virtually any fuel.

Renewable power is one key part of realizing a cleaner future. The other is developing much more efficient ways to generate power from fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas, which make up the bulk of our power generation portfolio.

We’re developing advanced combustion methods and new coatings and material alternatives that will require less fuel and enable us to run the turbines more efficiently at higher temperatures.

Also, just as some cars on the road today are “fuel flexible,” our gas turbines are being improved to handle different types of fuel as well so they can burn a wide variety of bio-fuels like landfill gases and liquids more efficiently.

Collectively, we see many opportunities to dramatically reduce the carbon footprint of traditional fossil fuels and produce power in a cleaner, more fuel-efficient way.

more clean power from wind and sun....

More Clean Power From the Wind and Sun

Lowering costs to increase wind and solar output.

The quest for clean, renewable power alternatives is on in earnest, and wind and solar promise to be a big part of the present and future solutions. In many places around the world, wind already is cost competitive with fossil fuels. Solar is not far behind wind. We believe even more can be done to make them more economically competitive and increase their power-generating capacity globally.

We have a global team from across our four R+D facilities working on several key technology fronts.

In wind, we’re focused on advanced blade development to improve wind capture, new controls and software to enhance power reliability, and sophisticated simulation and modeling techniques to optimize the placement of turbines on a wind farm site

In solar, we’re focused on the entire value chain from cell materials to the solar module systems to enable low-cost solar power. Researchers also are exploring a mix of longer-term initiatives, including nano-based materials that hold great potential for one day producing high efficiency cells with dramatically lower production costs.

And for both wind and solar, we are developing more intelligent grid management technologies to seamlessly integrate both into the electrical grid.

Collectively, these technologies will help to increase wind and solar power in more efficient and economical ways.

Complete Suite of Airfoil Inspections in Minutes!

TWI's new T³S Thermographic Turbine Test Station performs a comprehensive suite of turbine airfoil inspections in a single, consolidated system.

The breakthrough technology platform uses advanced thermography to detect hole and channel blockages, measure TBC wall thickness, detect TBC delamination and detect cracks for land and aerospace based turbine components.

Comprehensive. Modular. Automated.

T³S can replace many time-intensive inspections currently performed on multiple test systems.

Its modular architecture can be configured to meet specific turbine inspection requirements.

• Single test station for multiple applications
• Non-contact inspection
• Increased speed, accuracy and reliability
• Complements other NDE test procedures
• Developed under NAVAIR STTR

Conventional NDT techniques used today to inspect for blockages, cracks, thickness and adhesion typically take days to complete. T³S offers improved performance and time savings by an order of magnitude.

The net benefit is increased inspection sensitivity, increased throughput, and significant cost reduction and return on investment.

TWI’s ground-breaking TAFIS Thermal Air Flow Inspection System, specifically designed to detect blocked cooling holes in turbine airfoils, is built on the T³S platform.

TSR Signal Processing for Accuracy and Sensitivity

TSR Signal Processing for Accuracy and Sensitivity

TWI's patented Thermographic Signal Reconstruction (TSR)

technology has been widely recognized as a breakthrough in the field of thermography. Conventional approaches to thermography are based on qualitative evaluation of IR images and lack the accuracy and sensitivity required for many critical inspection tasks.

Using a quantitative signal based approach, TSR provides precise, repeatable output with unprecedented depth range, resolution, and measurement capability.

TSR technology has been cited in numerous independent studies and reviews.

Technology Innovations

TWI is the leading innovator in the field of Thermographic NDT and the premier solution provider for the most demanding applications in the aerospace, power generation and automotive industries.

Building on a physics-based approach to signal processing, dedicated hardware development and application-specific algorithms and procedures, TWI has deployed state-of-the-art inspection solutions for the field, factory floor and large-scale advanced manufacturing around the world for almost two decades.

Solid State Laser Processing Systems

Solid State Laser Processing Systems

Solid State laser systems can be used to micro-drill, cut, structure, anneal and de-bond. Recent advancements in solid state lasers, such as high power, high rep-rate UV pico-second lasers, have opened new markets in electronics manufacturing.

Tamarack Solid State Laser Systems are extremely precise, offering minimal debris, ‘cold’ ablation with no thermal side-effects, depth control in the order of 10nms and resolution down to 2um. These systems use a direct write (mask-less) method, which provides faster setup and easy integration to CAM systems. Throughput is dependent on the pattern density and pattern structure.

Tamarack Solid State Laser Systems include:

• M800 series of solid state laser systems – for ablating & exposing

Please contact me to discuss a specific Excimer or Solid State laser system application; or for help selecting the best system to fit your requirements

Laser Processing Systems

Tamarack laser processing systems have been proven technology since 1988 for a wide range of applications from semiconductor packaging to medical device manufacturing to MEMS.

Excimer Laser Processing Systems

Excimer laser systems can be used to ablate, anneal, de-bond and expose. Excimer ablation is best described as photo-chemically initiated electron excitation leading to a sudden increase in pressure which results in an explosive removal of material into monomers and gases known as ablation.

Tamarack Excimer Laser Systems utilize a mask to determine the pattern to be produced for ablation and exposure. This method of processing permits the generation of many complex shapes with minimal thermal effects, and produces superior edge quality while providing the flexibility to change shapes simply by changing the mask. Tamarack’s proprietary large beam projection technology provides uniform illumination of large areas and patterns for optimal throughput.

Tamarack’s Excimer Laser Processing Systems include:

• M420 Series of Exclaimer – for ablating & exposing
• M440 Series of Exclaimer Line Beam Systems – for annealing & debonding
• M500 Series of R2R Exclaimer Laser Systems – for ablating & exposing

USE OF LASER-why we need to see

Why We Need to See

We all need to care about our atmosphere. It affects all of us. It affects our weather. It affects the ozone which protects us by absorbing harmful ultraviolet radiation. Global pollution affects the air we breathe and the amount of sunlight that reaches us. Dust storms and volcanic eruptions also alter our atmosphere. If we can more accurately forecast natural occurrences, like the weather, we can be prepared. And, if we can actually see the results of what we may be doing to hurt our planet's atmosphere, we can change our bad habits.

NASA Langley engineers continue to develop more sophisticated lasers to measure atmospheric water content. These instruments would provide information for longer-term rain forecasts which could improve the allocation of already scarce water resources.

Laser technology is also being developed for potential future missions to measure ozone and other greenhouse gases which are main contributors to global warming and cooling. It is important to understand more about these atmospheric constituents in order to understand and respond to global climate changes. NASA Langley is helping the U.S. in a joint project with Canada to develop spaceborne laser missions to learn more about atmospheric ozone. This international effort comes after satellite data has recorded ozone depletion near both of the Earth's polar regions. An advanced lidar system called ORACLE (Ozone Research with Advanced Cooperative Lidar Experiments) will provide key information needed for understanding global change, atmospheric, chemistry, ozone depletion, meteorology and other environmental issues.

NASA Langley will join with other NASA centers to develop laser remote sensing instruments for possible future moon, Mars and other planetary exploration. Lasers designed for altimetry readings will aid in making planetary maps. Lasers also will be instrumental in determining winds and the amounts of atmospheric aerosols. This information will help designers know what conditions they would confront as they design future spacecraft for a mission to the moon or Mars.

In response to the increased concern for Earth's atmosphere, NASA Langley is researching new ways to collect and analyze this important data. As researchers develop the technology necessary to do this, they bring us closer to understanding how to protect our atmosphere.

FUTURE WITH LASER

The Future

LASE and LITE collected data on a wide range of phenomena, from aerosols in the upper atmosphere to cloud droplets, pollutants, and Earth's protective layer of ozone. Future lidar instruments will be tailored to specific purposes. NASA Langley engineers are currently building lasers with different characteristics for remote sensing needs. These lasers are very specialized, one-of-a-kind instruments which often require uncommon wavelengths and unusual pulse or light burst formats. They must be able to survive the rigors of launch and the harsh space environment and operate reliably for long periods. NASA Langley's goal is to have a laser operating unattended in space for five years, or an equivalent of five billion pulses. NASA Langley scientists have already tested a laser's ability to pulse that number of times. The next step is to have it do so in space

In 1994 the LITE instrument flew aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery.
An international team of scientists at over 50 locations around the world
helped collect data to confirm the measurements taken from space.

NASA Langley engineers are designing a laser to measure wind velocity. Global wind-velocity measurements taken from space help determine air circulation. Such knowledge would improve weather forecasting and determine the path of severe storms more accurately. Local air or ground readings would enhance aircraft safety by determining hazardous wind conditions. Laser wind sensors can detect strong downdrafts called wind

shear, which have been implicated in fatal airplane crashes. These lasers would also improve airport terminal efficiency by offering better information to those making air traffic decisions. This more sophisticated laser can determine vortices (horizontal tornadoes which are generated off the tips of larger airplane wings) which can upset smaller aircraft landing too close behind. These lasers can also determine when vortices are dispersed by local wind conditions which would allow smaller aircraft to land more efficiently.

Lasers at NASA Langley

Lasers at NASA Langley

Scientists at NASA Langley Research Center have been researching and developing lasers for remote sensing (monitoring and measuring) of Earth's atmosphere since the technology was in its infancy. In recent years, they have incorporated lasers into atmospheric studies as part of NASA's Mission to Planet Earth program. The goal of this long-term global research is to study the interaction of all the environmental components -- air, water, land, life -- that make up the Earth system. While a variety of remote sensing techniques have been used, advances in laser technology are opening up new views of the Earth's atmosphere and placing the laser at the forefront of research tools.

In 1985, NASA Langley performed its first airborne laser mission: to study water vapor and the density of aerosols (small particles) in our atmosphere.

Less than 10 years later, in 1994, NASA Langley joined with industry to put an atmospheric laser sensor in space to probe the atmosphere. The Lidar In-Space Technology Experiment (LITE) was flown aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery (STS-64). During its 12-day mission, LITE measured the Earth's cloud cover and tracked aerosols in the atmosphere. The laser used on this mission was a component of a Lidar (LIght Detection And Ranging). Lidar is similar to radar, but instead of bouncing radio waves off its target, a lidar uses short pulses of laser light to bounce or reflect off particles -- even molecules -- in the atmosphere. The reflected light comes back to a telescope where it is collected and measured.

The LITE data is being analyzed and archived and has proven so effective in presenting a global picture of the Earth's atmosphere that NASA Langley scientists are now exploring the feasibility and potential advantages of using lidar instruments on satellites.

That same year NASA Langley accomplished another lidar mission. Flown on the high-altitude ER-2 aircraft, which is a modified U-2 spy plane, the Lidar Atmospheric Sensing Experiment (LASE) used the first tunable laser to function autonomously. The lidar used in this mission was designed to measure atmospheric elements which are typically hard to detect, such as water vapor and pollutants. This DIfferential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) uses two laser beams pulsed at different wavelengths, one tuned to a specific particle or gas which absorbs it, and one tuned to remain unabsorbed. By measuring the difference between the two beams as they come back to the telescope - one partially absorbed and one intact -- scientists can determine the amount of a particle or gas present.

NASA Langley's work in the development of laser technology has naturally found application in medicine and manufacturing. NASA Langley engineers were instrumental in the development of the diode pump laser which is currently state of the art because of its efficiency, reliability and long life. In response to an industrial need for such a laser, NASA Langley teamed with others to take the diode semi-conductor from being a lab curiosity to a product which industry has since commercialized.

NASA Langley also contributed greatly to the development of a more efficient laser for special medical applications, such as incisions and arterial repairs.

Laser Technology: Shedding Some Light

Imagine knowing enough about a hurricane to get the right people evacuated. Or knowing enough about Earth's atmosphere to predict climate trends and to stop negative human impacts. Consider a time when advances in medical procedures retire the scalpel to the museum. And think about precision-oriented manufacturing which brings consumer costs down because of its efficiency.

One advance in technology can enable these 21st century goals -- it is the laser. The laser is already integrated into our daily lives, in supermarket scanners, video and compact disks, as a tool to make dental work, in cosmetic plastic and general surgery, and in industry where it is used to align equipment and even cut out fabric for clothes.

Lasers are also changing how scientists conduct research, and they are an important tool for atmospheric studies at NASA Langley Research Center.

what is a laser?

What is a laser?

A laser* is a unique kind of light, more intense and concentrated than anything in nature. Laser light differs from white light (such as sunlight, the light we use in lamps or flashlights) in several ways. Light from most sources spreads out as it travels so that much less of it hits a given area as it moves farther from its source. Traveling as a tight, unbroken beam, the laser light does not disperse as much as it moves away from its origin. Also, while white light is a mix of colored light waves, laser light is monochromatic, having a single wavelength which corresponds to one specific color. Identical wavelengths travel parallel to one another for reinforcement, creating a strong beam that can be focused down to less than 0.001 inch in diameter. Laser light can be controlled very precisely as a steady, continuous beam or in bursts or pulses.

*Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Light waves from the flashlight are different colors and different lengths; however, the laser light waves are all of the same wavelength and have only one color.

While they can bore holes in the hardest substance of all -- a diamond -- lasers can also perform delicate operations such as surgery.

The early lasers grew out of an experiment in the 1960s when a German scientist, Theodore Maiman, discovered that one could separate and concentrate wavelengths of light. Various materials and designs have been used to do this.

magnetic power generators-save electricity

Save Electricity With a Magnetic Power Generator

Modern civilization today is on the brink of a massive energy crisis. Though many of us are blissfully unaware of this issue, things are slowly, but steadily taking a turn for the worse with the passage of time. It’s a fact, for a long time now, most of us have been depending on fossil fuels for our energy needs. Unfortunately, fossil fuel reserves such as coal, petrol etc. are fast being depleted. Fortunately though, other forms of energy such as hydro, wind and solar, are now being developed to meet our ever-growing energy needs. However, setting up hydrothermal plants, windmill or solar farms is quite expensive. Besides, such forms of energy aren’t available everywhere and all the time. Thankfully, with the invention of magnetic power generators, we now have a new, reliable and clean source of energy.

Besides being a clean and renewable form of energy, magnetic energy generators have found favor with the general public as they allow substantial reductions on electric bills. Add to this, the low cost of putting together such a machine, and you basically have the ideal power source for all your electricity needs.

Prototypes of magnetic power generators were first introduced to the general populace back in 2002 and have come a long way since then. Having one of these machines can basically mean that you no longer have to worry about electricity for your needs. One of the reasons is that you can develop usable power of up to 7000 Watts for your electrical requirements. This is an advantage over solar panels and wind mills where the wattage is usually limited.

Apart from this, you can also depend on magnetic power generators to provide you the electricity you need even during times of natural calamities, typhoons and storms unlike solar or wind energy generators which depend on regional or weather factors to a great extent.

Besides this, a magnetic energy generator can also come to your rescue when there’s a power outage. This means that you can use it as a backup energy source as well. In other words, with magnetic power generators you don’t have to depend on any external source of energy for your needs and can create your own electricity right at home! Apart from being a great alternative energy option, magnetic power generators have a substantial life as well! Initial claims about the prototype may have misled some to believe that these machines can last forever, which is untrue. However, these machines can last up to 400 years, which is much longer than the average person’s lifetime the last time anyone checked! As you must’ve already guessed, magnetic power generators use magnets to create electricity. And this technology, though relatively new, has unsurprisingly attracted its fair share of criticism from skeptics, who had foretold its demise even before it was fully tested.

But now, after years of testing and perfecting, it has been established that magnetic power generators are machines worthy of creating electricity, cleanly and at low cost. Can you imagine a world where you got your energy needs fulfilled for free? In conclusion, if you’re tired of paying excessively high electric bills month after month and/or are interested in doing your bit to help the environment, magnetic power generators just maybe the right option for you!

Magnetic Energy Generator

Build Your Own Magnetic Generator And Cut Your Electric Bill

It is already a common knowledge that the basic needs of man are food, shelter, and clothing. But in reality, you cannot simply survive a life here on earth with only these three stuffs on hand because there are still other things that you need in life especially in these modern times like the electricity. Can you survive a day without electricity? I bet not. However, the prices of electricity are undeniably increasing as time passes by. And this is the primary reason as to why the so-called magnetic generator is now into existence. Have you ever heard of such kind of generator?

A magnetic kind of generator is basically an engine that has the capability to convert magnetic energy to electrical energy which you need in order to power your homes with electricity. It induces an everlasting motion which is commonly known as perpetual motion through the use of magnets as well as magnetic force. It can actually operate on its own and can create an enormous amount of free electrical energy continuously even without any energy inputs. Thus, it is often being considered as a very reliable kind of generator that can automatically help you get rid of your electric bills every month.

Honestly speaking, building and constructing a magnetic generator is so easy that you can do it all by yourself without the help of any experts. You just have to be aware on how to do it effortlessly. The following are some of the simple steps which you ought to consider on how to build your own magnetic energy generator to cut down the price of your electric bills:

• Acquire a plan for magnetic electrical generator construction. This is just easy by merely downloading a plan over the Internet since there are by now lots of online sites that offer downloadable plans solely intended for the construction of a magnetic power-driven generator.

• Purchase all the needed materials at the nearest local hardware store in your area. Most of the materials required in constructing the generator are just affordable so, there is no problem regarding your possible expenses.

• Prepare the other tools needed. Some of the important tools which you may need are the hammers, screws, pliers and the screwdrivers.

• Allot some of your precious time in constructing your own magnetic energy generator. The construction process will not take for days if and only if you are going to stick with your downloaded plan. This is due to the fact that a particular magnetic power-driven generator plan already includes well-detailed instructions on how to build a magnetic motor system easily plus some technical support links whom you can ask if ever you encounter some difficulties in the construction process.

Indeed, you can build a magnetic generator on your own. You only have to keep in mind the simple steps mentioned above. After all, there is no harm in adhering to those steps. You just need to make sure to put all those steps into actions effectively in order to have no problems and regrets in the long run as well as in order to do away with your high-priced monthly electric bills in less than no time.

solar inverters

Danfoss string inverter solution for one of the largest PV plants in the world – to be built near Flensburg

25 May 2011

Danfoss Solar Inverters is going to deliver its TLX Pro string inverter solution for German project developer Möhring Energie’s huge photovoltaic plant at the former NATO airfield in Eggebek, 20 km south of Flensburg, Germany. With a capacity of more than 80 MW the plant will be among the largest in the world.

The string inverter solution from Danfoss makes it possible to significantly increase the energy output of the former airfield area compared to traditional central inverters, because it allows more solar modules to be installed while at the same time utilizing the solar modules to the maximum.

“We are well-known in the market for our string inverter solution for large PV power plants, and many projects are now realized with our concept. However, for utility scale projects with multi megawatt capacity central inverters have so far been preferred. With the size of this project it is evident that our modular concept literally has no size limit” says Gert Taul Pedersen, Senior Director of Sales and Marketing.

CEO and owner of Möhring Energie GmbH, Sascha Möhring, explains the reason for choosing Danfoss’ string inverter solution: “We are able to achieve a much higher energy output with Danfoss’ solution at the airfield area compared to central inverters. Moreover Danfoss’ technology with three MPP trackers makes it possible to optimize even further compared to other string inverter solutions, because shading losses are minimized.”

Another advantage of the string inverter solution is that installation can take place in several parts of the plant at the same time with the teams eventually meeting up in the middle. This makes the installation process far more efficient thus bringing down costs significantly.

The Master functionality feature of Danfoss’ TLX Pro inverters also makes the installation more efficient. The master inverter can handle a large group of inverters – the settings of the master are replicated to the inverter network thus lowering commissioning costs.

Danfoss inverters already produce solar energy in another big plant of 12 MW developed by Möhring Energy GmbH. The plant is located in Busenwurth in Northern Germany.

solar ingots

Solar Ingots

Solar Ingots are materials that can be cast into different shapes so that they can further be processed to make solar products like silicon solar cells, silicon wafers etc.

In the manufacturing of silicon wafers, solar ingots, which are formed of silicon which is very pure in nature, are cast into cylindrical shapes for further processing. The solar ingots are then cut, using saws or other cutting devices, in thin circular shapes which result in formation of silicon wafers. Using the solar ingots, the silicon wafers, which are prepared so far, are then thoroughly cleaned to remove the impurities and are also properly shaped to increase their efficiency.

solar panels-an amazing way to use solar energy

Solar Panels - An amazing way to use Solar Energy

Solar Panels, generally comprising of arrays of Photovoltaic Cells, use the solar energy directly from the Sun to generate electricity for our daily use. Being environment friendly in nature, solar panels collect the solar energy which is available in abundance on our planet and convert it using the advanced technology developed by human beings. This invention of humans has led to a great achievement in world’s history of conserving non-renewable resources and saving the planet as well as the natural resources from depletion. This concept is already famous in countries like Australia, United Kingdom and United States of America etc. and is becoming very popular in solar panels India market as well. Even used solar panels are being used in these countries so that the installation cost reduces further and it is easy for the people to generate green energy. A large number of factories in the solar panels India market are now using solar panels for their daily electricity usage.